Septiembre ya está aquí, y si tienes en mente presentarte a la Oposición el año que viene, ya sabes que toca empezar a estudiar en serio. Dejar el idioma para el final siempre es una mala estrategia que al final acarrea ir con el agua al cuello, prisas de última hora y muchos nervios para el opositor. Para ayudarte a planificar tu rutina de estudio y ver en qué punto te encuentras realmente, hoy seguimos avanzando con un nuevo recurso exclusivo: nuestro Simulacro de Examen de Inglés Completo (Examen 3), diseñado minuciosamente siguiendo los criterios y el nivel de las pruebas oficiales de las Fuerzas Armadas.
Este test de cosecha propia es la
herramienta perfecta tanto para el personal militar que busca el ascenso por
Promoción Interna como para los opositores que se presentan por la vía de
Acceso Directo. El examen de inglés es el primer gran filtro de la
oposición, por lo que medir tus fuerzas con ejercicios reales es vital para
asegurar tu plaza en la Escala de Suboficiales.
Estructura y criterios de
corrección del simulacro
Para simular con total
rigurosidad el escenario real al que te vas a enfrentar, te recomiendo que
busques un lugar tranquilo, prepares un cronómetro y realices la prueba
respetando las normas oficiales. El ejercicio está dividido en dos grandes
bloques independientes:
- Parte 1 (Gramática y Vocabulario): Consta de
3 textos con 10 huecos (gaps) cada uno, sumando un total de 30 preguntas
de opción múltiple tipo test. Aquí pondrás a prueba tu dominio de los
tiempos verbales, conectores, modales y vocabulario general de nivel
A2/B1.
- Parte 2 (Comprensión Escrita): Compuesta por
30 textos cortos e independientes con una pregunta de comprensión lectora
para cada uno de ellos, sumando las otras 30 preguntas del examen.
Dispones de un tiempo límite de 50
minutos para cada parte (1 hora y 40 minutos en total). Una gran ventaja
que debes tener en cuenta es que las respuestas incorrectas no descuentan,
por lo que no debes dejar ningún espacio en blanco en tu hoja de respuestas.
Recuerda que la nota de corte mínima para considerarse "apto" varía
según tu modalidad: necesitarás un mínimo de 24 aciertos si compites sin
titulación previa, o bien 30 aciertos si te presentas en la modalidad
con titulación.
Al final de toda la página podrás encontrar la plantilla de soluciones completamente desglosada. No se trata de una simple lista de letras correctas; te incluyo la explicación detallada de por qué cada opción es la verdadera o la falsa, convirtiendo este test en una lección interactiva de repaso. ¡Venga, coge el ejercicio con muchas ganas desde el principio y dale caña!
Parte 1: Gramática y vocabulario (Preguntas 1-30)
Texto 1: The Benefits of Volunteering
Volunteering in your local community can be a transformative experience, particularly for teenagers who (1) ______ never engaged in community service before. It helps build confidence and teaches valuable life skills. While many people assume that donating money is the most effective way to help, giving your time brings (2) ______ unique benefits that financial support cannot match. For example, working directly with others builds empathy, (3) ______ sitting back and making an online payment keeps you at a distance.
When you start volunteering, you (4) ______ to adjust to new roles and routines, which can feel overwhelming initially. It is crucial to be open-minded (5) ______ you can build trust with the people you are assisting. Volunteers who show genuine respect for others (6) ______ quickly welcomed into existing community groups. You should also remember that projects often (7) ______ differently than planned, requiring flexibility.
Some volunteers (8) ______ experience doubt or fatigue during their first few weeks, but this feeling typically passes as they build relationships. Joining structured volunteer networks makes it easier so that you (9) ______ receive guidance whenever you need help. Ultimately, you (10) ______ remember to be patient with yourself as you develop these new skills.
- a) has
- b) have
- c) had
- d) having
- a) many
- b) much
- c) a little
- d) few
- a) and
- b) whereas
- c) or
- d) so
- a) have
- b) can
- c) should
- d) might
- a) so that
- b) because
- c) although
- d) until
- a) are
- b) is
- c) were
- d) be
- a) develops
- b) developed
- c) developing
- d) develop
- a) seldom
- b) always
- c) sometimes
- d) never
- a) can
- b) must
- c) will
- d) should
- a) have to
- b) mustn’t
- c) can’t
- d) needn’t
Texto 2: Taking Up Running
Two years ago, I (11) ______ to improve my physical health, so I took up long-distance running. I (12) ______ never completed a structured running program before, but I decided to set a clear goal. I train four times a week because I (13) ______ to run a half-marathon next spring. I (14) ______ feel exhausted after intense sessions, but I recognize that consistency is essential for building stamina.
My coach advised me that I (15) ______ pay close attention to my running posture to prevent injuries. He also emphasized that I (16) ______ select my running shoes carefully based on my foot arch. I (17) ______ enjoy my morning runs tremendously because they clear my mind before a hectic day.
Recently, I joined a local running group whose members (18) ______ gather on Sunday mornings for long distance sessions. Being part of this team keeps me disciplined (19) ______ I can learn from more experienced runners. I (20) ______ recommend running to anyone looking to enhance their physical and mental endurance.
- a) decide
- b) decided
- c) deciding
- d) decides
- a) have
- b) had
- c) has
- d) having
- a) want
- b) wants
- c) wanted
- d) wanting
- a) sometimes
- b) rarely
- c) hardly
- d) never
- a) should
- b) must
- c) can
- d) might
- a) could
- b) should
- c) would
- d) must
- a) don’t
- b) didn’t
- c) do
- d) does
- a) usually
- b) rarely
- c) never
- d) hardly
- a) so that
- b) although
- c) despite
- d) but
- a) have
- b) would
- c) can to
- d) should
Texto 3: The Old Library Restoration
The historic municipal library, (21) ______ was constructed in 1890, has been undergoing major restoration work (22) ______ 2022. It is managed by a preservation trust that has maintained the building for decades. The directors (23) ______ considering expanding the reading rooms because they (24) ______ accommodate a growing number of visitors each month.
If the city council (25) ______ to approve the additional funding, the renovation project will be (26) ______ by a specialized construction firm by late next year. The library is (27) ______ located near the town square, which is one of the main reasons it attracts so many students. Local scholars often remark that it (28) ______ the best research facility in the region.
Before starting the next phase of work, the directors (29) ______ consult with architectural experts who (30) ______ provide technical guidance regarding historical preservation rules.
- a) that
- b) who
- c) which
- d) whose
- a) during
- b) from
- c) for
- d) since
- a) are
- b) is
- c) were
- d) be
- a) have to
- b) must to
- c) will
- d) should
- a) decided
- b) decides
- c) will decide
- d) decide
- a) complete
- b) completed
- c) completing
- d) to complete
- a) is
- b) are
- c) was
- d) were
- a) is
- b) was
- c) will be
- d) has been
- a) should
- b) ought
- c) have
- d) could to
- a) would
- b) will
- c) have
- d) must to
Parte 2: Comprensión de textos (Preguntas 31–60)
31. The Rise of Remote Work
While remote work offers unprecedented flexibility, many companies are finding that missing informal office conversations can hinder spontaneous innovation. To address this, organizations are adopting hybrid models, requiring employees to be on-site two or three days a week to balance focused individual tasks with collaborative brainstorming.
What is the main reason companies are adopting hybrid work models?
a) To reduce operational costs associated with maintaining large office spaces.
b) To combine the benefits of independent work and face-to-face collaboration.
c) To monitor employee productivity more strictly throughout the week.
d) To encourage employees to work longer hours from home.
32. Public Transport Investment
Investing in high-speed rail networks does more than simply reduce journey times between major urban centers. By providing a reliable alternative to domestic flights and private car travel, high-speed trains significantly cut regional carbon emissions while stimulating economic development in intermediate suburban stops.
According to the passage, high-speed rail systems:
a) Replace local bus routes in small rural villages.
b) Benefit smaller stops along the route in addition to major cities.
c) Are primarily designed to make domestic air travel cheaper.
d) Require more energy to operate than regional highway networks.
33. The Impact of Noise Pollution
Environmental noise pollution is rarely given the same attention as air or water contamination, yet its health impacts are substantial. Prolonged exposure to urban traffic noise elevates stress hormones, disrupting sleep patterns and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases among city residents.
What does the author state about noise pollution?
a) It causes immediate hearing loss in most urban residents.
b) It receives less public focus despite posing serious health risks.
c) It is far easier to regulate than air or water pollution.
d) It mainly affects people who work night shifts in factories.
34. Coffee Production & Climate Change
Rising global temperatures are shrinking the ideal geographic regions suitable for growing high-quality Arabica coffee beans. Farmers are increasingly forced to migrate to higher altitudes or switch to heat-tolerant Robusta varieties, which produce a harsher taste profile that can disappoint specialized consumers.
How are coffee farmers reacting to changing climate conditions?
a) By shifting their farming operations to cooler, higher elevations.
b) By growing Arabica beans in hotter coastal lowlands.
c) By lowering the price of specialty coffee to attract new buyers.
d) By stopping coffee production to grow heat-resistant grains instead.
35. E-Readers vs. Physical Books
Despite predictions that digital e-readers would render printed books obsolete, physical book sales have remained remarkably resilient. Readers frequently cite the tactile experience of turning paper pages and the visual relief from electronic screens as key reasons for preferring physical volumes.
Why do physical books continue to perform well in the market?
a) E-readers have become too expensive for the average consumer.
b) Physical books are easier to store and transport than e-readers.
c) Readers enjoy the sensory and screen-free experience paper offers.
d) Publishers have stopped releasing new titles in digital formats.
36. The Value of Failure in Entrepreneurship
In startup culture, business failure is increasingly viewed not as a shameful setback, but as a necessary learning milestone. Investors often prefer founders who have previously managed a failing venture, provided they can demonstrate clear insights into what went wrong and how they adjusted their strategy.
What type of founders do startup investors often prefer?
a) Founders who have never experienced financial losses.
b) Founders who avoid taking financial risks with new ideas.
c) Founders who have learned constructive lessons from past failures.
d) Founders who focus exclusively on short-term market gains.
37. Food Waste & Expiration Dates
Millions of tons of edible food are discarded annually due to consumer confusion over date labels. 'Best before' indicates optimal quality rather than safety, yet many households treat it as a strict expiration deadline, throwing away perfectly safe food out of misplaced caution.
What is a major cause of household food waste described in the text?
a) Retailers overcharging for fresh organic produce.
b) Misinterpreting quality indicators as safety warnings.
c) Refrigerators failing to maintain proper temperatures.
d) Supermarkets selling products past their actual expiration date.
38. Modern Architecture & Light
Contemporary architects are increasingly prioritizing natural daylight when designing residential buildings. Large floor-to-ceiling windows reduce reliance on artificial lighting, cutting electricity bills while significantly enhancing the mood and cognitive performance of occupants.
Designing homes with natural daylight primarily serves to:
a) Lower construction costs for real estate developers.
b) Improve well-being while decreasing energy consumption.
c) Prevent interior furniture from wearing out quickly.
d) Eliminate the need for indoor heating systems in winter.
39. Minimalism as a Lifestyle
The minimalist movement encourages individuals to intentionally live with fewer possessions. Advocates argue that stripping away physical clutter reduces decision fatigue and frees up mental energy, allowing people to focus on relationships and experiences rather than material accumulation.
Proponents of minimalism believe that owning fewer things:
a) Forces people to spend more time organizing their homes.
b) Increases daily decision-making efficiency and peace of mind.
c) Helps individuals isolate themselves from modern social life.
d) Is only possible for people living in suburban areas.
40. The Power of Sleep on Memory
During sleep, the brain actively consolidates memories, transferring short-term information gathered throughout the day into long-term storage networks. Sacrificing sleep to study late before an exam often backfires, as a fatigued brain struggles to recall information effectively.
How does sleep affect learning and memory retention?
a) It clears old memories to make room for new facts.
b) It helps move short-term information into long-term storage.
c) It allows the brain to process new information while unconscious.
d) It replaces the need for daytime revision before exams.
41. The History of Salt
Before modern refrigeration, salt was one of the most valuable commodities on Earth because of its ability to preserve meat and fish. Control over salt trade routes allowed ancient empires to fund armies and expand their territories, making it a key driver of geopolitical power.
Why was salt strategically vital in historical times?
a) It was used as a primary building material for ancient cities.
b) It enabled food preservation, supporting trade and empire expansion.
c) It was the only acceptable currency for buying agricultural land.
d) It prevented infectious diseases from spreading in large armies.
42. Autonomous Delivery Robots
Small autonomous robots are now delivering groceries in select suburban neighborhoods. While they reduce delivery emissions and congestion, urban authorities worry about sidewalks becoming overcrowded, potentially posing hazards for pedestrians with reduced mobility.
What concern do city officials have regarding delivery robots?
a) They generate significant noise pollution during late hours.
b) They might block sidewalks and create obstacles for pedestrians.
c) They consume excessive amounts of electrical energy to charge.
d) They cause traffic jams on major suburban highways.
43. The Importance of Soft Skills
In technical fields like software development, technical proficiency is no longer the sole criteria for career advancement. Employers increasingly value 'soft skills'—such as communication, empathy, and adaptability—because modern projects require seamless cross-departmental teamwork.
Why are soft skills becoming vital in technical professions?
a) Technical skills are becoming obsolete due to artificial intelligence.
b) Most technical workers prefer working completely independently.
c) Successful project delivery relies heavily on clear team collaboration.
d) Soft skills are easier to measure than technical capabilities.
44. Micro-Habits
Attempting to make massive lifestyle changes overnight frequently leads to burnout and abandonment of goals. Behavioral psychologists recommend building 'micro-habits'—tiny, daily actions like reading two pages a day—which require minimal willpower but build momentum over time.
Micro-habits are effective because they:
a) Require intense discipline and long hours to complete.
b) Allow individuals to accomplish major goals without daily effort.
c) Are manageable enough to maintain consistently without overwhelming willpower.
d) Guarantee immediate results within the first week of implementation.
45. Urban Trees & City Temperatures
Planting mature trees along city avenues does far more than improve aesthetics. Tree canopies block direct sunlight and cool the surrounding air through transpiration, creating microclimates that can lower local neighborhood temperatures by several degrees during summer heatwaves.
Trees help combat urban summer heat primarily by:
a) Absorbing ambient noise from heavy traffic.
b) Shading surfaces and releasing moisture into the air.
c) Reflected sunlight back into the upper atmosphere.
d) Redirecting strong winds toward suburban residential zones.
46. The Decline of Cash
The rapid transition toward cashless payments via cards and mobile apps offers convenience and reduces financial crime. However, financial inclusion advocates warn that completely eliminating cash harms elderly populations and low-income individuals who lack access to digital banking services.
What is a major potential downside of a completely cashless society?
a) An increase in petty street crime involving physical money.
b) Excluding vulnerable populations who rely on cash transactions.
c) Higher transaction fees for small retail businesses.
d) A complete breakdown of international banking networks.
47. The Function of Art Restorers
Art restorers face a delicate delicate balance when repairing historic paintings. Their goal is not to make an old artwork look brand new, but to stabilize damage while respecting the original artist’s work. Modern restorations are intentionally reversible so future conservators can undo them if better techniques emerge.
Modern art restorers aim to:
a) Completely repaint damaged works using modern materials.
b) Make paintings look as if they were created yesterday.
c) Repair damage while ensuring their changes can be reversed later.
d) Alter the original artist’s style to fit contemporary tastes.
48. Fast Fashion & Environmental Impact
The fast-fashion industry relies on rapid production cycles, churning out cheap garments designed to be worn a few times before being replaced. This model generates massive environmental strain, consuming thousands of liters of water per garment and driving tons of textile waste into landfills.
The main problem with the fast-fashion model is that it:
a) Produces high-quality clothes that are too expensive for young consumers.
b) Drives high resource consumption and significant textile landfill waste.
c) Uses recycled materials that wear out faster than traditional cotton.
d) Requires physical stores to maintain massive inventory spaces.
49. The Benefits of Multilingualism
Learning a second language does more than facilitate travel; it physically alters brain structure. Studies show that bilingual individuals develop denser grey matter in regions associated with executive control, which can delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline by several years.
Research indicates that speaking two languages:
a) Eliminates memory loss completely in old age.
b) Helps preserve cognitive health as people age.
c) Makes learning mathematical concepts much faster.
d) Prevents physical injuries to brain tissue.
50. The Psychology of Waiting Lines
Theme parks spend millions designing waiting lines to make queues feel shorter. By keeping visitors entertained with interactive exhibits, video screens, and shaded walking paths, park operators reduce 'perceived wait time,' which improves overall guest satisfaction far more than simply speeding up the ride itself.
Theme parks reduce frustration in long queues by:
a) Charging guests extra fees to skip the lines completely.
b) Keeping waiting guests engaged so time feels like it passes faster.
c) Limiting the total number of visitors allowed into the park each day.
d) Making the rides twice as fast to clear lines quickly.
51. Over-Tourism in Historic Cities
Historical destinations like Venice and Dubrovnik are implementing daily visitor caps and entry fees to manage over-tourism. While local businesses profit from tourist spending, overcrowding damages fragile historical architecture and forces residents out of city centers due to rising housing costs.
Why are cities introducing caps on daily visitors?
a) To prevent local businesses from making excessive profits.
b) To protect historical structures and preserve local residential life.
c) To encourage tourists to stay in cities for several months.
d) To shut down international airport connections during peak season.
52. The Evolution of Work Spaces
Open-plan offices were originally designed to break down hierarchical barriers and foster fluid communication. However, studies show that open layouts often backfire: exposed employees frequently wear headphones and rely on email to avoid noisy distractions, ironically reducing face-to-face interactions.
What unexpected outcome has been observed in open-plan offices?
a) Employees spend far too much time chatting in person.
b) In-person communication decreases as staff seek privacy from distractions.
c) Executive management stops communicating with junior staff.
d) Worker productivity increases dramatically across all departments.
53. Rewilding Agricultural Land
Rewilding involves returning abandoned agricultural land to its natural state by letting native flora and fauna regenerate without human intervention. Reintroduced native plants absorb atmospheric carbon while creating resilient ecosystems that protect neighboring areas from soil erosion and flooding.
According to the text, rewilding projects help the environment by:
a) Increasing crop yields on neighboring commercial farms.
b) Creating natural habitats that absorb carbon and reduce flooding risks.
c) Converting natural forests into sustainable timber plantations.
d) Providing artificial feeding grounds for endangered farm animals.
54. Consumer Psychology: Choice Overload
When consumers are presented with dozens of variations of a product—such as thirty types of jam on a supermarket shelf—they are initially attracted to the display. However, they are statistically far less likely to make a final purchase than when presented with only six options, a phenomenon known as 'choice overload.'
The 'choice overload' phenomenon demonstrates that:
a) Consumers always buy more when given maximum choices.
b) Having too many options can intimidate consumers and reduce sales.
c) Supermarkets should display only one brand of every product.
d) People prefer buying products in bulk rather than individual items.
55. Citizen Science Projects
Citizen science initiatives invite members of the public to assist professional researchers by collecting environmental data, such as counting bird species in their local parks. This crowdsourced approach allows scientists to gather massive datasets across vast geographic regions that would otherwise be impossible to collect.
What is the main advantage of citizen science projects?
a) They replace the need for professional scientific training.
b) They enable large-scale data collection over wide geographical areas.
c) They lower the cost of publishing scientific journals online.
d) They guarantee that all collected data is 100% error-free.
56. Gamification in Education
Integrating video game elements—such as points, badges, and progress bars—into educational platforms significantly boosts student engagement. By rewarding incremental progress immediately, gamified learning systems keep students motivated through challenging material that might otherwise feel tedious.
Gamification aids learning primarily by:
a) Removing difficult subjects from the core school curriculum.
b) Replacing teachers with automated computer software.
c) Using immediate rewards to maintain student motivation.
d) Encouraging students to play recreational games during class hours.
57. Smart Street Lighting
Cities are upgrading traditional streetlamps to intelligent LED systems equipped with motion sensors. These smart lights dim automatically when roads are empty and brighten when pedestrians or cars approach, reducing municipal energy costs by up to 40% without compromising public safety.
Smart streetlights save energy by:
a) Switching off permanently after midnight in residential areas.
b) Adjusting their brightness based on real-time activity on the street.
c) Running entirely on internal, non-rechargeable batteries.
d) Operating only when weather conditions are foggy or stormy.
58. The Psychology of Music and Exercise
Listening to fast-tempo music during workouts acts as a psychological distraction, reducing a person's perception of physical effort. Additionally, synchronizing movement—such as running or cycling—to a steady musical beat improves physical efficiency, allowing athletes to exercise longer with less fatigue.
How does music enhance athletic performance during exercise?
a) It increases heart rate beyond safe physical limits.
b) It alters perception of fatigue and helps maintain movement rhythm.
c) It eliminates the body's need for hydration during long workouts.
d) It repairs minor muscle damage while the athlete is moving.
59. Ocean Cleanup Technology
Floating barrier systems deployed in ocean gyres use natural ocean currents to concentrate floating plastic waste into central collection points. While effective at gathering surface debris, marine scientists warn these systems cannot address the millions of microplastic particles resting on the ocean floor.
What limitation of ocean cleanup barriers is mentioned in the text?
a) They require expensive fuel to navigate ocean currents continuously.
b) They cannot remove microplastic waste that has sunk to the sea floor.
c) They pose a direct navigation hazard to commercial cargo ships.
d) They are unable to collect large plastic bottles floating on the surface.
60. The Value of Silence
In today's hyper-connected environment, intentional periods of silence are becoming increasingly rare. Psychological research shows that brief periods of daily quiet allow the brain's default mode network to activate, facilitating creative problem-solving and emotional self-reflection.
According to the passage, periods of quiet are beneficial because they:
a) Prevent the brain from processing emotional memories.
b) Give the brain space to engage in creative thinking and reflection.
c) Help people fall asleep instantly during daytime hours.
d) Force individuals to avoid using technology permanently
A continuación os dejo la plantilla de respuestas explicando porqué son correctas o incorrectas las opciones de cada pregunta:
TEXT 1
- b) have
- a) has - Incorrect: "teenagers" is a plural subject requiring a plural verb.
- b) have - Correct: Fits subject-verb agreement with plural subject "teenagers who have never engaged...".
- c) had - Incorrect: Past perfect is incorrect here since the sentence sets a present general context.
- d) having - Incorrect: Participle form creates an incomplete verb structure without an auxiliary.
- a) many
- a) many - Correct: Used with countable plural nouns ("benefits").
- b) much - Incorrect: Used exclusively with uncountable nouns.
- c) a little - Incorrect: Used with uncountable nouns.
- d) few - Incorrect: Means "almost none," which contradicts the sentence's positive message about benefits.
- b) whereas
- a) and - Incorrect: Merely connects ideas without establishing the required contrast between active participation and passive payment.
- b) whereas - Correct: Used to contrast two facts or ideas ("builds empathy, whereas sitting back...").
- c) or - Incorrect: Presents alternatives rather than contrasting two methods.
- d) so - Incorrect: Indicates cause and effect rather than contrast.
- a) have
- a) have - Correct: Forms "have to," expressing external obligation or necessity ("you have to adjust").
- b) can - Incorrect: Expresses ability rather than a necessary adjustment requirement.
- c) should - Incorrect: Expresses soft advice, whereas "have to" fits the structural obligation (have to adjust).
- d) might - Incorrect: Expresses possibility, which weakens the statement that adjustment is required.
- a) so that
- a) so that - Correct: Conjunction expressing purpose ("so that you can build trust").
- b) because - Incorrect: Explains a reason rather than an intended purpose or goal.
- c) although - Incorrect: Expresses concession/contrast.
- d) until - Incorrect: Specifies a temporal limit, breaking the clause's logic.
- a) are
- a) are - Correct: Plural subject "Volunteers who show respect..." requires the present passive form "are welcomed."
- b) is - Incorrect: Singular form; disagrees with the plural subject "volunteers."
- c) were - Incorrect: Past tense disrupts the present factual statement.
- d) be - Incorrect: Bare infinitive is ungrammatical without a modal verb.
- d) develop
- a) develops - Incorrect: Third-person singular form; subject "projects" is plural.
- b) developed - Incorrect: Past tense conflicts with the general present advice context.
- c) developing - Incorrect: Present participle cannot stand alone as the primary finite verb.
- d) develop - Correct: Base form agreeing with plural subject "projects" in Present Simple.
- c) sometimes
- a) seldom - Incorrect: Implies almost no volunteers experience doubt, which clashes with "typically passes."
- b) always - Incorrect: Absolute frequency contradicts the transition that the feeling passes over time.
- c) sometimes - Correct: Accurately conveys that doubt happens occasionally at the start.
- d) never - Incorrect: Contradicts the statement that the feeling disappears later.
- a) can
- a) can - Correct: Indicates possibility/ability resulting from joining a network ("you can receive guidance").
- b) must - Incorrect: Imposes a strict obligation to receive guidance, which is illogical.
- c) will - Incorrect: Overly definitive when describing an accessible possibility.
- d) should - Incorrect: Expresses advice rather than the capability provided by the network.
- a) have to
- a) have to - Correct: Expresses necessity/strong advice ("you have to remember").
- b) mustn’t - Incorrect: Prohibits patience ("you must not be patient"), reversing the context.
- c) can’t - Incorrect: Expresses inability, contradicting the encouragement.
- d) needn’t - Incorrect: Means lack of necessity ("you don't need to"), which contradicts the tip.
TEXT 2
- b) decided
- a) decide - Incorrect: Present tense clashes with the past time marker "Two years ago."
- b) decided - Correct: Past simple required for an action completed in the past ("Two years ago, I decided").
- c) deciding - Incorrect: Present participle cannot serve as the main predicate verb.
- d) decides - Incorrect: Third-person singular present form; time marker requires past tense.
- b) had
- a) have - Incorrect: Present perfect fails to establish the action prior to the past reference point ("Two years ago").
- b) had - Correct: Past perfect ("had never completed") shows an action prior to another past event.
- c) has - Incorrect: Present singular auxiliary; incompatible with first-person past context.
- d) having - Incorrect: Participle form creates an incomplete clause.
- a) want
- a) want - Correct: Simple present expresses current, ongoing desire ("because I want to run").
- b) wants - Incorrect: Third-person singular form; incorrect with first-person pronoun "I."
- c) wanted - Incorrect: Past tense implies the desire ended, contradicting "next spring."
- d) wanting - Incorrect: Non-finite form cannot function as the main verb.
- a) sometimes
- a) sometimes - Correct: Logical frequency adverb for occasional fatigue after intense training.
- b) rarely - Incorrect: Understates the expected physical effect of intense training.
- c) hardly - Incorrect: Means "almost not," which distorts the sentence structure ("I hardly feel").
- d) never - Incorrect: Unrealistic assertion that contradicts the need for recovery and stamina.
- a) should
- a) should - Correct: Used for giving advice or recommendations ("I should pay close attention").
- b) must - Incorrect: Expresses an overly rigid command for a recommendation context.
- c) can - Incorrect: Expresses ability rather than advisory guidance.
- d) might - Incorrect: Expresses weak possibility rather than clear instruction from a coach.
- b) should
- a) could - Incorrect: Indicates past ability or weak suggestion rather than professional advice.
- b) should - Correct: Standard modal for expert advice/recommendation ("I should select...").
- c) would - Incorrect: Conditional modal; does not function as direct guidance here.
- d) must - Incorrect: Overly authoritative for equipment selection advice.
- c) do
- a) don’t - Incorrect: Makes the clause negative, contradicting "tremendously" and "clear my mind."
- b) didn’t - Incorrect: Negative past tense; contradicts present habit ("I enjoy").
- c) do - Correct: Emphatic present simple auxiliary ("I do enjoy...") reinforcing positive feelings.
- d) does - Incorrect: Third-person singular form; invalid with pronoun "I."
- a) usually
- a) usually - Correct: Describes a regular, habitual schedule ("members who usually gather").
- b) rarely - Incorrect: Contradicts the disciplined routine described in the passage.
- c) never - Incorrect: Denies the group's activity entirely.
- d) hardly - Incorrect: Meaning "almost never," which conflicts with a weekly routine.
- a) so that
- a) so that - Correct: Conjunction of purpose ("so that I can learn").
- b) although - Incorrect: Conjunction of contrast; illogical here.
- c) despite - Incorrect: Preposition requiring a noun phrase, not a clause.
- d) but - Incorrect: Coordinates contrast rather than stating purpose.
- b) would
- a) have - Incorrect: Grammatically incomplete before bare verb "recommend."
- b) would - Correct: Conditional modal softening a personal endorsement ("I would recommend...").
- c) can to - Incorrect: Modal "can" cannot be followed by infinitive marker "to."
- d) should - Incorrect: Advising oneself to recommend is less natural than "would recommend."
TEXT 3
- c) which
- a) that - Incorrect: "That" cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses set off by commas.
- b) who - Incorrect: Relative pronoun for people, not inanimate objects ("library").
- c) which - Correct: Relative pronoun for non-defining clauses referring to things.
- d) whose - Incorrect: Possessive relative pronoun; inapplicable to this subject slot.
- d) since
- a) during - Incorrect: Used with time periods or events (e.g., during the war), not starting dates.
- b) from - Incorrect: Requires "to/until" to indicate a full timeframe.
- c) for - Incorrect: Used for durations (e.g., for two years), not starting years.
- d) since - Correct: Indicates the starting point of an action extending to the present ("since 2022").
- a) are
- a) are - Correct: Plural verb agreeing with plural subject "The directors."
- b) is - Incorrect: Singular form; subject-verb agreement error.
- c) were - Incorrect: Past tense conflicts with the present continuous context ("are considering").
- d) be - Incorrect: Bare infinitive form cannot serve as finite auxiliary verb here.
- a) have to
- a) have to - Correct: Expresses objective necessity ("they have to accommodate").
- b) must to - Incorrect: Modal "must" cannot take "to."
- c) will - Incorrect: Expresses simple future rather than operational necessity.
- d) should - Incorrect: Expresses soft expectation rather than structural necessity.
- b) decides
- a) decided - Incorrect: Past tense creates Second Conditional, which mismatches main clause "will be."
- b) decides - Correct: Present simple third-person singular for First Conditional (If + decides, will be).
- c) will decide - Incorrect: "Will" cannot be used inside the if-clause.
- d) decide - Incorrect: Singular noun "city council" requires third-person singular verb ending "-s."
- b) completed
- a) complete - Incorrect: Base form is invalid in future passive structure ("will be completed").
- b) completed - Correct: Past participle completing future simple passive (will be completed).
- c) completing - Incorrect: Present participle creates an ungrammatical passive form.
- d) to complete - Incorrect: Infinitive cannot follow passive auxiliary "be" here.
- a) is
- a) is - Correct: Singular present tense agreeing with singular subject "The library."
- b) are - Incorrect: Plural form; subject disagreement.
- c) was - Incorrect: Past tense implies location changed, which contradicts present popularity.
- d) were - Incorrect: Plural past form.
- a) is
- a) is - Correct: Simple present for general state/opinion ("it is the best").
- b) was - Incorrect: Past tense implies it is no longer the best facility.
- c) will be - Incorrect: Unnecessarily project state into the future when describing present status.
- d) has been - Incorrect: Present perfect implies duration, but simple present expresses standard fact/state.
- a) should
- a) should - Correct: Modal auxiliary for recommendation/duty ("directors should consult").
- b) ought - Incorrect: Missing required infinitive marker "to" (ought to).
- c) have - Incorrect: Missing required infinitive marker "to" (have to).
- d) could to - Incorrect: Modal "could" cannot be followed by "to."
- b) will
- a) would - Incorrect: Conditional form unnecessary in factual relative clause.
- b) will - Correct: Modal verb for future certainty/ability ("experts who will provide guidance").
- c) have - Incorrect: Plural present auxiliary produces ungrammatical structure with base verb "provide."
- d) must to- Incorrect. Modal "must" cannot be combined with "to".
Reading Comprehension (Texts 31–60)
- b) To combine the benefits of independent work and face-to-face collaboration.
- a) Incorrect: Office space cost is not stated as the main driver for adoption in this context.
- b) Correct: Hybrid models balance "focused individual tasks with collaborative brainstorming."
- c) Incorrect: The focus is on spontaneous innovation, not employee surveillance.
- d) Incorrect: Longer working hours are not mentioned as a goal.
- b) Benefit smaller stops along the route in addition to major cities.
- a) Incorrect: High-speed rail connects cities/suburbs, not replacing rural buses.
- b) Correct: It stimulates "economic development in intermediate suburban stops."
- c) Incorrect: It provides an alternative to domestic flights, not cheaper airfare.
- d) Incorrect: The text highlights reduced carbon emissions compared to cars/planes.
- b) It receives less public focus despite posing serious health risks.
- a) Incorrect: Immediate hearing loss is not mentioned; stress and heart risks are.
- b) Correct: It is "rarely given the same attention" despite "substantial" health impacts.
- c) Incorrect: Ease of regulation is not discussed.
- d) Incorrect: It affects city residents generally, not just night-shift workers.
- a) By shifting their farming operations to cooler, higher elevations.
- a) Correct: Farmers are "forced to migrate to higher altitudes."
- b) Incorrect: High temperatures are forcing them away from lowlands.
- c) Incorrect: Price changes are not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: They are shifting locations or varieties, not stopping coffee entirely.
- c) Readers enjoy the sensory and screen-free experience paper offers.
- a) Incorrect: E-reader prices are not cited as the reason.
- b) Incorrect: Storage/transport convenience is usually an advantage of e-readers.
- c) Correct: Readers cite "the tactile experience" and "visual relief from electronic screens."
- d) Incorrect: Digital formats continue to be published alongside paper books.
- c) Founders who have learned constructive lessons from past failures.
- a) Incorrect: Investors often prefer founders who have experienced a failing venture if they learned from it.
- b) Incorrect: Avoiding risk is not listed as a positive trait here.
- c) Correct: They value founders who demonstrate "clear insights into what went wrong."
- d) Incorrect: Short-term focus is not recommended in the text.
- b) Misinterpreting quality indicators as safety warnings.
- a) Incorrect: Retail pricing is not mentioned as a cause.
- b) Correct: Consumers treat 'best before' (quality) as a "strict expiration deadline" (safety).
- c) Incorrect: Appliance failure is not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: Supermarkets selling expired goods is not cited as the main problem.
- b) Improve well-being while decreasing energy consumption.
- a) Incorrect: Construction costs are not mentioned.
- b) Correct: It cuts "electricity bills" (energy) while "enhancing mood and cognitive performance" (well-being).
- c) Incorrect: Furniture durability is not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: Heating systems are not eliminated by daylighting windows.
- b) Increases daily decision-making efficiency and peace of mind.
- a) Incorrect: Minimalism aims to reduce clutter, spending less time organizing.
- b) Correct: Advocates claim stripping clutter "reduces decision fatigue and frees up mental energy."
- c) Incorrect: It frees up time for "relationships and experiences," not isolation.
- d) Incorrect: Geographic restrictions are not mentioned.
- b) It helps move short-term information into long-term storage.
- a) Incorrect: Sleep consolidates memories rather than erasing them.
- b) Correct: Sleep transfers "short-term information gathered throughout the day into long-term storage."
- c) Incorrect: The brain consolidates existing daytime information during sleep, not learning new facts while asleep.
- d) Incorrect: Sacrificing sleep for cramming backfires, but sleep alone doesn't replace study.
- b) It enabled food preservation, supporting trade and empire expansion.
- a) Incorrect: It was used to preserve food, not build structures.
- b) Correct: Preservation of food allowed trade route control, army funding, and empire expansion.
- c) Incorrect: It was valuable, but not described as the sole acceptable currency for land.
- d) Incorrect: Disease prevention in troops is not mentioned.
- b) They might block sidewalks and create obstacles for pedestrians.
- a) Incorrect: Noise issues are not mentioned.
- b) Correct: Officials worry about "sidewalks becoming overcrowded... posing hazards for pedestrians."
- c) Incorrect: Power consumption is not raised as a civic concern.
- d) Incorrect: The robots operate on sidewalks, not major highway traffic lanes.
- c) Successful project delivery relies heavily on clear team collaboration.
- a) Incorrect: Technical skills are not obsolete; they are just no longer the sole criteria.
- b) Incorrect: Modern projects require cross-departmental teamwork, not isolated work.
- c) Correct: Employers value soft skills because projects require "seamless cross-departmental teamwork."
- d) Incorrect: Soft skills are generally harder to measure than technical skills.
- c) Are manageable enough to maintain consistently without overwhelming willpower.
- a) Incorrect: They require "minimal willpower," not intense discipline.
- b) Incorrect: They build momentum through steady daily effort.
- c) Correct: They require minimal willpower, avoiding burnout while building habits over time.
- d) Incorrect: They build progress "over time," not guaranteed overnight results.
- b) Shading surfaces and releasing moisture into the air.
- a) Incorrect: Noise absorption is not the primary mechanism for cooling.
- b) Correct: Tree canopies "block direct sunlight" (shade) and cool air through "transpiration" (moisture release).
- c) Incorrect: Light is blocked/absorbed by leaves rather than reflected into the upper atmosphere.
- d) Incorrect: Wind redirection is not mentioned.
- b) Excluding vulnerable populations who rely on cash transactions.
- a) Incorrect: Cashless systems reduce cash-related petty crime.
- b) Correct: It harms "elderly populations and low-income individuals who lack access to digital banking."
- c) Incorrect: Retail transaction fees are not mentioned as the main downside.
- d) Incorrect: Banking network reliability is not questioned here.
- c) Repair damage while ensuring their changes can be reversed later.
- a) Incorrect: Restorers do not completely repaint damaged works.
- b) Incorrect: The goal is "not to make an old artwork look brand new."
- c) Correct: Restorations stabilize damage and are "intentionally reversible."
- d) Incorrect: Restorers respect the "original artist's work" rather than altering style.
- b) Drives high resource consumption and significant textile landfill waste.
- a) Incorrect: Fast fashion produces cheap garments, not expensive ones.
- b) Correct: It causes environmental strain by consuming "thousands of liters of water" and driving "textile waste into landfills."
- c) Incorrect: It relies on cheap rapid production, not fragile recycled materials.
- d) Incorrect: Retail space issues are not cited as the primary environmental problem.
- b) Helps preserve cognitive health as people age.
- a) Incorrect: It delays decline by several years, but does not eliminate memory loss entirely.
- b) Correct: Increased grey matter in executive regions delays "the onset of age-related cognitive decline."
- c) Incorrect: Math learning speeds are not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: It structural density improves cognitive function, not preventing physical physical injury.
- b) Keeping waiting guests engaged so time feels like it passes faster.
- a) Incorrect: Paid pass-skipping is not mentioned in this text.
- b) Correct: Keeping guests entertained reduces "perceived wait time," making the queue feel shorter.
- c) Incorrect: Visitor caps are not mentioned here.
- d) Incorrect: Changing ride speed is explicitly contrasted with queue experience design.
- b) To protect historical structures and preserve local residential life.
- a) Incorrect: Business profit reduction is not the goal.
- b) Correct: Overcrowding damages "fragile historical architecture and forces residents out," which caps aim to fix.
- c) Incorrect: Caps limit visitor volume rather than extending stay length.
- d) Incorrect: Cities introduce daily caps, not total airport shutdowns.
- b) In-person communication decreases as staff seek privacy from distractions.
- a) Incorrect: Staff actually use headphones/email to avoid face-to-face interaction.
- b) Correct: Exposed workers use headphones and email to avoid noise, "ironically reducing face-to-face interactions."
- c) Incorrect: Management communication isolation is not specifically highlighted over general staff behavior.
- d) Incorrect: Productivity does not automatically increase due to open layouts.
- b) Creating natural habitats that absorb carbon and reduce flooding risks.
- a) Incorrect: Neighboring crop yield increases are not mentioned.
- b) Correct: Native plants "absorb atmospheric carbon" and protect areas from "soil erosion and flooding."
- c) Incorrect: Land is left to natural regeneration, not commercial timber harvesting.
- d) Incorrect: Rewilding relies on natural ecosystems, not artificial farm animal feeding.
- b) Having too many options can intimidate consumers and reduce sales.
- a) Incorrect: Having 30 options led to statistically fewer purchases than having 6 options.
- b) Correct: Presented with too many choices, consumers are "statistically far less likely to make a final purchase."
- c) Incorrect: The study illustrates choice overload, not a mandate for single-brand stores.
- d) Incorrect: Bulk buying is not discussed in the text.
- b) They enable large-scale data collection over wide geographical areas.
- a) Incorrect: Citizen science assists researchers, but does not replace expert training.
- b) Correct: Crowdsourcing allows gathering "massive datasets across vast geographic regions."
- c) Incorrect: Publishing costs are not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: Crowdsourced data still requires quality checks by scientists.
- c) Using immediate rewards to maintain student motivation.
- a) Incorrect: Difficult material remains; gamification helps students stay motivated through it.
- b) Incorrect: Gamification enhances learning platforms, not replacing human teachers entirely.
- c) Correct: By "rewarding incremental progress immediately," platforms keep students motivated.
- d) Incorrect: Educational platforms use game mechanics for study, not playing unrelated recreational games.
- b) Adjusting their brightness based on real-time activity on the street.
- a) Incorrect: They dim automatically when empty, not shut off permanently.
- b) Correct: Lights "dim automatically when roads are empty and brighten when pedestrians or cars approach."
- c) Incorrect: Power source changes are not mentioned; controls are intelligent LEDs.
- d) Incorrect: Weather-only operation is not how the system functions.
- b) It alters perception of fatigue and helps maintain movement rhythm.
- a) Incorrect: Music helps performance without driving heart rates to unsafe levels.
- b) Correct: Music reduces "perception of physical effort" and synchronizes movement to "exercise longer with less fatigue."
- c) Incorrect: Music does not replace physical hydration needs.
- d) Incorrect: Music affects psychological perception and coordination, not repairing muscle tissue directly.
- b) They cannot remove microplastic waste that has sunk to the sea floor.
- a) Incorrect: Barriers use "natural ocean currents," not powered engines.
- b) Correct: Ocean cleanups gathered surface trash, but "cannot address the millions of microplastic particles resting on the ocean floor."
- c) Incorrect: Shipping hazard concerns are not mentioned.
- d) Incorrect: Surface plastics (like bottles) are what the system is effective at collecting.
- b) Give the brain space to engage in creative thinking and reflection.
- a) Incorrect: Silence facilitates reflection rather than blocking emotional memories.
- b) Correct: Quiet periods activate the default mode network, "facilitating creative problem-solving and emotional self-reflection."
- c) Incorrect: Daytime sleep inducement is not the main benefit cited.
- d) Incorrect: Short daily quiet periods are recommended, not abandoning technology forever.
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